Somaclonal variation and crop improvement larkin and scowcroft 1981 proposed the term somaclone to describe the plants originating from any type of tissue culture. Because the goal of synthetic seed production is to obtain clonal identity, controlling the somaclonal variation is a challenge amirato, 1991. Although somaclonal variation has been studied extensively, the mechanisms by which it occurs remain largely either unknown or at the level of theoretical speculation in perennial fruit crops 14,15. Variations in number and structure of chromosomes are commonly observed. The most common factors affecting somaclonal variation are. There are different approaches to create somaclonal variation, which include. Somaclonal variation is a tool that can be used by plant breeders. Phenotypic and dna variation among putative plant clones is termed somaclonal variation. In addition, somaclonal variation has been free of the regulatory hurdles that plague products of recombinant dna. Somaclonal variation on in vitro callus culture potato cultivars.
Multiple variants with the same phenotype are labeled tcl, tc2, tc3, etc. Genetic variation found to occur between somaclones in plant tissue cultures was called somaclonal variation. Ppt somaclonal variations powerpoint presentation free. In banana, where production of somaclonal variants is substantial, only those plants that show side shoots as well as with the same type of. Somaclonal variations may reduce two years the time required for the release of new variety compared to mutation breeding. The use of only one type of molecular marker, such as rapds, to assess the genetic stability of an in vitro production system may be inadequate, and an approach that focuses on morphological traits appears to be a valuable. Scowcroft 1981 suggested somaclonal common word for plants derived from any type of tissue culture and somaclonal variation as a genetic and phenotypic variety observed among the plants which were propagated as a colony of a single colon and stated that somaclonal variation is a novel source to improve the plants. Somaclonal variation was claimed to be a source of variation for crop improvement, especially for crops reproduced vegetatively larkin and scowcroft, 1981.
Although the direct formation of plant structures from meristem cultures, without any. Hsing1, 1institute of plant and microbial biology, academia sinica. Advantages somaclonal variations are stable and occur at high frequencies. As this variation represents a new tool for the plant breeder. Somaclonal variation on in vitro callus culture potato cultivars scielo. Although theoretically all plants regenerated from somatic cells should be clones, a number of observations have indicated that this is not the case. Media in category somaclonal variation this category contains only the following file. Nevertheless, the genetical analyses of the peculiar regenerants led to uncommon results that make think to the. The range of the spontaneously induced somaclonal variation among the obtained regenerants was investigated and compared with that of the variants induced. Somaclonal variation is the variation seen in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture. Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice transformants for genetic screening.
The occurrence of subtle somaclonal variation is a drawback for both in vitro cloning as. Somaclonal variation for disease resistance in wheat and. Somaclonal variation in improvement of ornamental plants. But it is disadvantageous when the objective is micropropagation of considered genotypes.
It is well known that increasing numbers of subculture increases the likelihood of somaclonal variation, so the number of subcultures in micropropagation protocols should be kept to a minimum. Jamilah syafawati yaacob, rosna mat taha, norizam jaafar, zuliana hasni, hashimah elias, normadiha mohamed institute of biological sciences, faculty of science, university of malaya, 50603 kuala lumpur, malaysia. The usefulness of variation was first demonstrated through the recovery of disease resistant plants in potato resistance against late blight and early blight and sugarcane resistance against eyespot disease, fiji disease and downy. Though several transformation techniques have been developed, generally speaking such techniques are highly sophisticated and depend on availability of an efficient. In 1984, taiwan banana research institute started a selection program for resistance to fusarium wilt in cavendish bananas using somaclonal variation hwang and ko, 1987. Genetic variability is an important parameter for plant breeders in any con ventional crop improvement programme.
Functional analysis for rolling leaf of somaclonal mutants. Somaclonal variations considered a novel method of genetic variation and having much interest as a basic genetic process, as it contradicts the theory or clonal uniformity. The carrot cultivar fancy was used in our laboratory to generate a series of 197 regenerant progeny lines. Somaclonal variation on in vitro callus culture potato. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops improvement article pdf available december 2016 with 6,824 reads how we measure reads. However, plant breeders have successfully recombined the desired genes from cultivated crop gerrnplasm and related wild species by sexual hybridization, and have been able to. Many causes have been identified or proposed for each type of variation. Qualitative aspects of somaclonal variations in banana propagated. Variation in plant phenotype is determined by genetic and epigenetic factors. The tech niques are more simple than those of recombinant dna, and they result in a rich source of genetic vari ability. The occurrence of subtle somaclonal variation is a drawback for both in vitro cloning as well as germplasm preservation.
The plants derived from such cells are referred to somaclones. In treatments d and e, calli were cocultivated with the avirulent strain. Heritable, genetic changes alter the dna stable, but nonheritable changes alter gene expression, aka epigenetic since. Epigenetic aspects of somaclonal variation in plants. Feb, 2016 however, plant tissue culture may generate genetic variability, i. Somaclonal variation is defined as genetic variation observed among progeny of plants regenerated from somatic cells cultured in vitro. However, undesired genetic and cytogenetic modifications are frequently generating.
Although plants derived from tissue cultures are the product of loexual reproduc tion they may show considerable phenotypic and genotypic variability, or. For the love of physics walter lewin may 16, 2011 duration. Somaclonal variation in improvement of ornamental plants jain et al. Introduction tissue culture of plants is an important means to propa gate genetically identical individuals asexually and to produce transgenic plants. This variation can be transmitted to plants regenerated from the tissue cultures, and is called somaclonal variation. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement ii download. This is probably due to the rela tive ease in culturing populus, the general recalcitrance of salix spp. However, many aspects of the mechanisms that result in. Somaclonal variation in tissue culture is a complex problem that needs several approaches to be appreciated correctly.
In treatment b, calli were cocultivated with agrobacterium tumefaciens eha105 hood et al. Somaclonal variation and induced mutations in crop. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively and seed propagated, and cultivated and non. It provides an additional source of novel variation for exploitation by plant breeders. This document summerizes results obtained since the 1970th, on plants regenerated through in vitro tissue culture, and for which a large variability was expressed. Somaclonal variation does not preclude the use of rice. The system by which the regeneration is induced, type of tissue, explant source, media components and the duration of the culture cycle are. Somaclonal variation includes aneuploids, sterile plants and morphological variants, sometimes involving traits of economic importance in case of crop plants. Somaclonal variation for disease resistance in wheat and production of dihaploids through wheat x maize hybrids. Somaclonal variation in crop improvement ii download ebook. Pdf somaclonal variations and their applications in. Success in somaclonal variation is genotypedependent vasil and vasil, 1986. Variations for karyotype, isozyme characteristics and morphology in somaclones may also observed.
Somaclonal variation generated through tissue culture can form the basis of selection, either in vitro or among regenerated plants, for oat genotypes with altered grain quality profiles. The relationship of polyploidy with other forms of genetic variation. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural. However, many aspects of the mechanisms that result in somaclonal variation remain undefined. For example, tvtc is the somaclone with tangerine fruit color and virescent leaves. Somaclonal variation free download as powerpoint presentation. A variety of factors may contribute to the phenomenon. Somaclonal variation exists and has been proven to be genetically inherited vasil and vasil, 1986. Somaclonal variation an overview sciencedirect topics.
Chromosomal rearrangements are an important source of this variation. Somaclonal variations and also gametoclonal variations, described later are highly useful in plant. Advantages of somaclonal variations help in crop improvement creation of additional genetic varitions increased and improved production ofsecondary metabolites selection of plants resistant to varioustoxins, herbicides, high salt concentrationand mineral toxicity suitable for breeding of tree species. Ppt somaclonal variations powerpoint presentation free to.
Callus induction, plant regeneration and somaclonal. Highly differentiated tissues such as roots, leaves, and stems generally produce more variations than explants with preexisting meristems, such as axillary buds and shoot tips duncan 1997. One of the major problems of in vitro plant cultivation is the high level of somaclonal variation. Somaclonal variation is a phenomenon that results in the phenotypic variation of plants regenerated from cell culture.
In continuation of somaclonal variation and crop improvement i 1990, this volume is comprised of twentyfour chapters dealing with somaclonal variants showing resistance to saltdrought, herbicides. Pdf somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural. One of the causes of somaclonal variation in rice is the transposition of retrotransposons. Callus induction, plant regeneration and somaclonal variation in in vivo and in vitro grown white shrimp plant justicia betonica linn. Poplar somaclonal variation in the salicaceae, somaclonal variation is well docu mented among populus species, but apparently has not been recorded for salix. Somaclonal variation in micro propagated bananas medcraveonline. Selection of mineral toxicities tolerant in sorghum plant mainly for aluminium toxicity detection and isolation of somaclonal variants advantages of somaclonal variations help in crop improvement creation of additional genetic varitions increased and improved production of secondary metabolites selection of plants resistant to various toxins. Read this article to learn about the basis, isolation and limitations of somaclonal variations and also factors affecting the production of somaclonal variants. Larkin and scowcroft 25 were the first researchers to demonstrate and coin the term somaclonal variation. Using somaclonal variation to select for disease resistance. Study of somaclonal variation in two rice cultivars. The term somaclonal variation is a phenomenon of broad taxonomic occurrence, reported for species of different ploidy levels, and for outcrossing and inbreeding, vegetatively. Several studies on somaclonal in in vitro petunia hybrida cultures were conducted.
A qualitative description and information are given on somaclonal variants of seven in vitro propagated banana cultivars. Functional analysis for rolling leaf of somaclonal mutants in. Somaclonal variation is also called tissue or cultureinduced variation. Differences in both the frequency and nature of somaclonal variation may occur when regeneration is achieved from different tissue sources sahijram et al. Tissue culture, somaclonal variation, mutant, opaque endosperm, tos element 1. Genetic variations in plants that have been produced by plant tissue culture and can be detected as genetic or phenotypic traits. It is well known that increasing numbers of subculture increases the likelihood of somaclonal variation, so the number of subcultures in micropropagation protocols should be kept to a.
Iurure applications in the next five years, somaclonal variation should become widely used for crop improvement. In vitro regeneration and somaclonal variation of petunia. The genetic variations found in the in vitro cultured cells are collectively referred to as somaclonal variations. However, plant tissue culture may generate genetic variability, i. This article throws light upon the five applications of somaclonal variations.
V plants for flower size, flower colour, plant morphology, plant height and number of flowers per plants from leaf disc callus. Somaclonal variation is a valuable tool in plant breeding wherein variation in tissue culture regenerated plants from somatic cells can be used in the development of crops with novel traits 24. Pdf somaclonal variation as a tool for crop improvement. Applications of somaclonal variation somaclonal variation in crop improvement somaclonal variation in improvement of ornamental plants new variant retaining all the favourable characters along with an additional useful trait development. Selection among regenerated oat lines for altered levels of grain quality factors e. Molecular spectrum of somaclonal variation in regenerated. Tissue culturederived variation in crop improvement pdf. Genetic variations in plants thathave been produced by plant tissueculture and can be detected asgenetic or phenotypic traits. Reducing somaclonal variation different steps can be used to reduce somaclonal variation. Applications of somaclonal variations biology discussion. Somaclonal variations and their applications in horticultural crops improvement.